{"id":92,"date":"2023-01-18T10:22:29","date_gmt":"2023-01-18T09:22:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/?page_id=92"},"modified":"2023-01-18T10:22:29","modified_gmt":"2023-01-18T09:22:29","slug":"reference-41-50","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/?page_id=92","title":{"rendered":"Reference 41-50"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Prof. Sven Kurbel MD, PhD \u2013 personal web pages<\/strong><br>Dept. of Physiology, Osijek Medical Faculty<br>J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia<br>e-mail: sven@jware.hr<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>41. Ultrasound measurement in defining the regional distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue.<br>Radi\u0107 R, Nikoli\u0107 V, Karner I, Kurbel S, Selthofer R.<br>Coll Antropol. 2002 Dec;26 Suppl:59-68.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of<br>Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.<br><br>The aim of this research is to determine the significance of ultrasound<br>diagnostics in measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue as well as to<br>point out sex and age differences in regional distribution of subcutaneous fat<br>tissue. The research included 37 men and 33 women with different body mass<br>indexes. Ultrasound measuring of subcutaneous fat tissue was conducted on 16<br>measuring points. The thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue measured by ultrasound<br>and estimated proportion of fat tissue obtained by comparative methods coincided<br>mostly on the back side of the upper arm, lower abdominal region in interspinal<br>line and the front side of the forearm. Analysis of the subcutaneous fat tissue<br>distribution indicates that there is more equal accumulation of fat tissue in<br>women than in men. BMI limit value for obesity is not the same for men and women<br>because the point at which abdominal region becomes the main storage of<br>subcutaneous fat in body depends on sex. That BMI value represents the<br>physiological beginning of obesity since it marks the change in distribution<br>pattern of subcutaneous fat tissue in different body regions.<br><br>PMID: 12674836&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>42.Amoxycillin, clarithromycin and either sucralfate or pantoprazole for eradication<br>of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer (a randomized controlled trial).<br>Vcev A, Vceva A, Kurbel S, Takac B, Stimac D, Ivandi\u0107 A, Ostoji\u0107 R, Barbir A,<br>Hovat D, Mihaljevi\u0107 S.<br>Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001 Dec 17;113(23-24):939-41.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Internal Clinic, Clinical Hospital Osijek. btakac@gmx.net<br><br>BACKGROUND: Sucralfate enhances the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of<br>antimicrobials and has an inhibitory effect on H. pylori.<br>AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of one-week sucralfate-based eradication<br>therapy for H. pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcers, compared with<br>treatment based on pantoprazole, in a randomized controlled multicenter study.<br>METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients with active duodenal ulcers and H.<br>pylori infection were treated with amoxycillin 1 g b.d. plus clarithromycin 500<br>mg b.d. for the first 7 days. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either<br>sucralfate 1 g t.d.s. for 4 weeks (SAC group; n = 60) or pantoprazole (PAC group;<br>n = 60) 40 mg b.d. for the first 7 days and 40 mg o.d. for the next 3 weeks. The<br>patient\u2019s H. pylori status was determined by a urease test and histological<br>investigation before the treatment, and again 4 weeks after cessation of all<br>medication.<br>RESULTS: One hundred and eleven patients completed the study. H. pylori infection<br>was eradicated in 76.4% (42\/55) of patients in the SAC group (ITT analysis: 70%,<br>95% CI: 58-80%) vs. 85.7% (48\/56) of patients in the PAC group (ITT analysis:<br>80%, 95% CI: 70-89) (N.S.). All ulcers had healed. There were no significant<br>differences between the two regimens regarding the occurrence of adverse effects.<br>CONCLUSION: Our study shows that one-week triple therapy with amoxycillin,<br>clarithromycin and either pantoprazole or sucralfate are effective regimens to<br>cure H. pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer.<br><br>PMID: 11802510&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>43. Model of interstitial pressure as a result of cyclical changes in the capillary<br>wall fluid transport.<br>Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Belovari T, Mari\u0107 S, Steiner R, Boz\u00ed\u0107 D.<br>Med Hypotheses. 2001 Aug;57(2):161-6.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osijek Medical Faculty, University JJ Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.<br>sven.kurbel@public.srce.hr<br><br>Reported interstitial pressures range from -8 to +6 mm Hg in different tissues<br>and from &lt;-20 mm Hg in burned tissue or more than +30 mm Hg in tumors. We have<br>tried to link interstitial pressure to the here proposed cyclical changes in the<br>fluid transport across the capillary wall. In the presented model interstitial<br>pressure is considered as an average of pressures in numerous pericapillary<br>spaces. A single pericapillary pressure is a dynamic difference between the net<br>outward (hydraulic pressure+interstitial colloid osmotic pressure) and inward<br>(plasma colloid oncotic pressure) forces. Hence, dominating net outward forces<br>would result in a positive pericapillary interstitial pressure, while stronger<br>inward forces would produce negative pressures in the pericapillary space. All<br>interruptions of blood flow leave some blood in capillaries with a normal oncotic<br>pressure and no hydrostatic pressure that might act as a strong absorber of<br>interstitial fluid until the blood flow is reestablished. Model assumptions for<br>the systemic circulation capillaries include (a) precapillary sphincters can<br>almost entirely stop the capillary flow, (b) only a minority of sphincters are<br>normally open in the tissue, and (c) hydrostatic pressures in unperfused<br>capillaries are similar to the pressures at their venous ends. The key proposal<br>is that capillaries with closed precapillary sphincters along their entire length<br>have low hydrostatic pressure of 10 to 15 mm Hg. This pressure cannot force<br>filtration, so these capillaries reabsorb interstitial fluid from the<br>pericapillary space along their entire length. In the open capillaries,<br>hydrostatic pressure filtrates fluid to the pericapillary space along most of<br>their length. Fluid enters, moves some 20 or 30 micrometers away and back to be<br>reabsorbed at the same point. Closed periods are periods of intense fluid<br>reabsorption, while the short open periods refill the space with fresh fluid. It<br>can be calculated that subcutaneous tissue interstitial pressure values might<br>develop if the closed periods are 1.14 to 2.66 times longer than the open<br>periods. Positive interstitial pressures observed in some organs might develop if<br>open periods are longer than the closed periods. High interstitial colloid<br>pressure in lungs makes both perfused and unperfused capillaries absorptive,<br>resulting in more negative values of lung interstitial pressure. The same model<br>is used to explain interstitial pressure values in tumors, burned tissue and<br>intestinal villi.<br><br>Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.<br><br>PMID: 11461165&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>44. A model of the gastric gland ejection cycle: low ejection fractions require<br>reduction of the glandular dead space.<br>Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Dmitrovi\u0107 B, Vcev A.<br>J Theor Biol. 2001 Jun 7;210(3):337-43.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osijek Medical Faculty, University JJ Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia.<br>sven.kurbel@public.srce.hr<br><br>This paper was inspired by the reported results of authors from Uppsala and Lund<br>that gastric glands in rats rhythmically contract 3-7 cycles per minute and<br>develop luminal pressures more than 10 mmHg. To ensure that pepsinogen is not<br>retained in the acid-rich section of the gland, ejection fractions would need to<br>be more than 50% of the gland volume. We have tried to calculate the ejection<br>fraction of such contractions. Dimensions of human gastric glands were measured<br>on the fresh frozen samples of macroscopically and histologically normal gastric<br>mucosa. In total, 18 specimens (from nine persons) were measured under the<br>microscope. The density of glands was 135 +\/- 11 (mean +\/- S.D.) glands per mm(<br>2) of gastric mucosa. A typical gastric gland is a tubular structure 1.2 +\/- 0.22<br>mm long and 0.03-0.05 mm wide. We have used 1 mm for length and 0.03 mm for the<br>gland diameter to calculate that each gland approximates a volume of 707 pl,<br>suggesting that the total glandular volume for 15 million glands reaches 10.6 ml.<br>Further calculations based on one to five contractions per minute on an average<br>and on the total volume of gastric glands of 10 ml showed that only ejection<br>fractions less than 10% deliver daily volumes less than 3 l. The presented model<br>of the gastric gland activity is based on the idea that the low ejection<br>fractions require a reduction of the glandular dead space. The reduced luminal<br>pressure during the gland relaxation might cause backflux of hydrophobic<br>viscoelastic mucus through the gland aperture. Repeated glandular contractions<br>and relaxations would move the mucus all the way to the gland bottom, filling the<br>gland cavity below the neck with an axial semisolid mucous cylinder. This filling<br>would reduce the gland dead space. During contractions, the gland would eject<br>mainly the peripheral, the more liquid part of its content. The decreasing<br>luminal pressure in the relaxing gland would pull the outlet mucus inside,<br>protecting gland apertures from the gastric juice.<br><br>Copyright 2001 Academic Press.<br><br>PMID: 11397134&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>45. A model of hydraulic interactions in liver parenchyma as forces behind the<br>intrahepatic bile flow.<br>Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Dmitrovic B, Wagner J.<br>Med Hypotheses. 2001 May;56(5):599-603.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Physiology, Osijek Medical Faculty, University JJ Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia.<br>sven.kurbel@public.srce.hr<br><br>The small diameters of bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts make it hard<br>to attribute the bile flow solely to the process of secretion. In the model liver<br>within its capsule is considered a limited space in which volume expansions of<br>one part are possible only through the shrinking of other parts. The liver<br>capsule allows only very slow volume changes. The rate of blood flow through the<br>sinusoides is governed by the Poisseuill-Hagen law. The model is based on a<br>concept of circulatory liver units. A unit would contain a group of acini sharing<br>the same conditions of arterial flow. We can imagine them as an acinar group<br>behind the last pressure reducer on one arterial branch. Acini from neighboring<br>units compose liver lobules and drain through the same central venule. One lobule<br>can contain acini from several neighboring circulatory units. The perfusion cycle<br>in one unit begins with a transient tide in the arterial flow, governed by local<br>mediators. Corresponding acini expand, grabbing the space by compressing their<br>neighbors in the same lobules. Vascular resistance is reduced in dilated and<br>increased in compressed acini. Portal blood flows through the dilated acini,<br>bypassing the compressed neighbors. The cycle ends when the portal tide slowly<br>diminishes and acinar volume is back on the interphase value until the new<br>perfusion cycle is started in another circulatory unit. Each cycle probably takes<br>minutes to complete. Increased pressures both in dilated and in compressed acini<br>force the bile to move from acinar canalicules. Both up and down changes in<br>acinar volume might force the acinar biliary flow. In cases of arterial<br>vasoconstriction, increased activity of vasoactive substances would keep most of<br>the circulatory units in the interphase and increased liver resistance can be<br>expected. Liver fibrosis makes all acini to be of fixed volume and result in<br>increased resistance. Because of that, low pressure portal flow would be more<br>compromised, as reported. In livers without arterial blood flow, although some<br>slow changes in the portal flows can be expected, acinar volume changes should be<br>reduced. In acute liver injury, enlarged hepatocytes would diminish sinusoidal<br>diameter and increase acinar resistance. In liver tumors, areas of<br>neovascularization with reduced resistance would divert the arterial flow from<br>the normal tissue, while in the compressed perifocal areas, increased vascular<br>resistance should diminish mainly the portal flow.<br><br>Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.<br><br>PMID: 11388774&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>46. Cancer incidences in the digestive tube: is cobalamin a small intestine cytoprotector?<br>Kurbel S, Kovacic D, Radic R, Drenjancevic I, Glavina K, Ivandic A.<br>Med Hypotheses. 2000 Mar;54(3):412-6.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Physiology, University \u2018JJ Strossmayer\u2019, Osijek Medical Faculty, Osijek, Croatia.<br>sven.kurbel@public.srce.hr<br><br>Malignancies are common in the digestive tube, although with unequal distribution<br>among segments. The aim of this paper was to compare available interpretations of<br>the low cancer incidence in the small bowel and high in the large bowel. Supposed<br>mechanisms include relatively small bacterial population, large secretion of<br>liquid and rapid transit in the small bowel. Small bowel mucosa is the main<br>absorptive part of the digestive tube with absorption rates for various nutrients<br>so high that they can even be considered as clearances from the intestinal<br>content. Consequently, these nutrients are not present in the large bowel. An<br>alternative explanation is that an absorbable protective substance from the<br>intraluminal content, might protect the mucosa from malignant transformations. It<br>can be speculated that if there are any cytoprotective substances in the digested<br>food their effect would be expressed mostly in the absorptive small intestine,<br>leaving the large bowel mucosa unprotected. Vitamin B12 might be a possible<br>candidate for this role. Cobalamin molecules are initially bound to haptocorrin<br>(Hc) in the stomach, but in the small intestine B12 is transferred to intrinsic<br>factor (IF) after the action of pancreatic trypsin on Hc. Cobalamin-IF complexes<br>are absorbed in the terminal ileum leaving only a small fraction of B12 to enter<br>the large bowel. We have tried to summarize available data regarding cancer<br>incidences in digestive tube, segmental length and transit times of tube content.<br>Cancer density is calculated as incidence per length and transit speed as length<br>per transit time. Cancer incidences for seven intestinal segments were considered<br>low if they were below one case per 100 000 inhabitants annually, while the low<br>cancer density meant less than six cases per 100 000 inhabitants per metre. For<br>instance, transverse colon was considered as a high cancer incidence place (2.15<br>cases), with low cancer density (4.3 cases\/m). Transit speed more than 0.3<br>metre\/hour was associated with low cancer incidences (accuracy 0.85) and low<br>cancer density segments (accuracy 1.00). Cobalamin availability showed similar<br>distribution, available in low incidence segments and unavailable in high<br>incidence segments. Experimental studies are needed to quantify B12 availability<br>in the large bowel and to determine whether small amounts of B12-IF or, perhaps,<br>B12-haptocorrin complexes are absorbed by the small bowel mucosa. Without that,<br>no cytoprotective effects of B12 in the digestive tube can be expected.<br><br>Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.<br><br>PMID: 10783476&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>47. Histochemical changes in the rectal mucosa of diabetic patients with and without<br>diarrhea or constipation.<br>Ivandi\u0107 A, Prpic-Krizevac I, Dmitrovi\u0107 B, Vcev A, Kurbel S, Peljhan V, Bacun T.<br>Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2000 Jan 14;112(1):21-6.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Department of Internal Medicine, Osijek University Hospital, Croatia.<br><br>Sixty-four diabetic patients, 35 with diarrhea, 15 with constipation and 14<br>without stool problems, and forty healthy subjects, were subjected to<br>rectosigmoidoscopy. During rectosigmoidoscopy, rectal biopsy specimens for<br>histological and histochemical analysis were obtained. Histological findings of<br>nonspecific colitis in 25 out of 64 diabetic patients were uniformly distributed<br>among the three groups (p = 0.959). However, the finding was slightly more common<br>in diabetic patients than in controls (eight out of 40 control subjects, p =<br>0.043). A positive PAS reaction was observed in 30 out of 64 diabetic patients<br>and was also uniformly distributed among the three groups (p = 0.508), but was<br>significantly more common among diabetic patients than controls (three out of 40,<br>p &lt; 0.001). A positive reaction to cholesterol was found in 46 out of 64 diabetic<br>patients, also uniformly distributed among the three groups (p = 0.773). It was<br>significantly more common in diabetic patients than in controls (nine out of 40,<br>p &lt; 0.001). Reactions of the rectal mucosa histological specimens to glycogen and<br>triglycerides were negative, both in diabetic patients and in controls. In<br>conclusion, it appears that stool problems among our diabetic patients were not<br>related to the positivity of PAS or to the positive cholesterol reaction in the<br>rectal mucosa histological specimens. Since positive findings of both reactions<br>were more common in specimens taken from diabetic patients than in controls,<br>positive reactions might be related to metabolic disturbances in diabetic<br>patients.<br><br>PMID: 10689736&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>48. Intracranial infection after missile brain wound: 15 war cases.<br>He\u0107imovi\u0107 I, Dmitrovi\u0107 B, Kurbel S, Blagus G, Vranes J, Rukovanjski M.<br>Zentralbl Neurochir. 2000;61(2):95-102.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek University Medicine<br>School.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: The present study describes 15 cases of intracranial infections<br>developed in a group of in patients with missile brain wound (MBW), during the<br>war in Croatia in the region of East Slavonia.<br>METHOD: The retrospective study included 88 MBW casualties. There were 11 females<br>and 77 males aged 2-80 years. The projectile penetration of the cranial dura was<br>confirmed and the presence of intracranially retained foreign bodies was<br>evaluated with computerized tomography (CT) in all the patients. The wounded were<br>treated according to the modern recommendations of neurotrauma care. However, we<br>extracted only accessible bone\/metallic fragments during intracranial<br>debridement. All intracranial infections were documented by cultures, CT, surgery<br>or autopsy. The mean follow-up period of wounded with intracranial infections was<br>2.4 years (range, 10 days to 7 years).<br>RESULTS: Intracranial infection developed in 14 patients (17%) as \u201cearly<br>intracranial infections\u201d. Among 14\/15 cases, infection developed within the first<br>8 weeks, and in 1 case 5 months after wounding. We recorded 4 cases of isolated<br>bacterial meningitis, whereas in 9 cases brain abscess had developed. In 6 cases<br>brain abscess was associated with concomitant meningitis and epidural empyema.<br>Local cerebritis developed in one case, as well as subdural empyema with the<br>concomitant meningitis in one case. There were 8 deaths in total of 15 cases.<br>Glasgow Outcome Score 3 was observed in 2 and good outcome in 5\/15 cases. The<br>infectious organisms were isolated in 8 cases. Gram-positive bacteria were found<br>in 12 different specimens. Gram-negative bacteria were found in 9 specimens. The<br>most frequently isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus. beta-hemolytic<br>streptococcal and clostridial infections were not observed. Among the 15 patients<br>with intracranial infection, just one did not have intracranially retained bone<br>and\/or metallic fragments. However, among the 73 head injuries without<br>intracranial infections only 10 did not have retained fragments. CSF fistula<br>and\/or dehiscence developed in 13\/15 patients with intracranial infection. In<br>67\/73 wounded without intracranial infections, wound complications were not<br>registered.<br>CONCLUSIONS: The liberal use of post-contrast CT of the brain within the first 2<br>months after injury, especially if performed early in the clinical course, can<br>lead to a prompt diagnosis of most of \u201cearly intracranial infections\u201d. The<br>surgical procedures in order to prevent wound CSF fistula\/dehiscence development<br>are absolutely necessary. The immediate scalp and dural wound repair in case of<br>wound complications are absolutely indicated and if needed, the procedures can be<br>repeated. However, it seems that retained fragments are not responsible for an<br>increased rate of intracranial infection.<br><br>PMID: 10986758&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>49. Minoxidil and male-pattern alopecia: a potential role for a local regulator of<br>sebum secretion with vasoconstrictive effects?<br>Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Zani\u0107-Matani\u0107 D.<br>Med Hypotheses. 1999 Nov;53(5):402-6.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Department of Physiology, Osijek Clinical Hospital, Croatia.<br>sven.kurbel@public.srce.hr<br><br>Regulation of the hair cycle takes place at the pilo-sebaceous unit with the<br>sebaceous gland as a sex hormone-dependent part. Although minoxidil stimulates<br>proliferation of follicular cells and activation of prostaglandin endoperoxide<br>synthase-1, it was suggested that other mechanisms, such as an increase in the<br>local blood flow, might mediate the drug effect on hair growth. If that is the<br>case, it is possible that minoxidil counteracts some vasoconstrictive mediator of<br>male-pattern alopecia. This hypothetical vasoconstrictive mediator X would have<br>to meet some criteria: (I) vasoconstriction both in the general circulation and<br>in the hair-growing skin; (II) local vasoconstrictive activity in the hair<br>growing skin should be related to the circulating testosterone level; (III) only<br>an increase in the local mediator X activity causes male-pattern alopecia, since<br>hypertensive patients are not balder than expected. The sebaceous gland is a<br>possible place of the mediator X secretion since it is a sex-hormone-dependent<br>part of the pilo-sebaceous unit. ET-1 might be a suitable candidate for the<br>mediator X, since male hormones raise ET-1 plasma levels and female hormones<br>lower them. The speculation presented here is that ET-1, beside vasoconstriction<br>in the general circulation, might also regulate the sebum secretion, by<br>triggering contractions of the myoepithelial cells. This hypothetical mechanism<br>would normally remain confined to the sebaceous gland. During puberty, sex<br>hormones stimulate growth of sebaceous glands in both sexes. In women<br>hypertrophied sebaceous glands under estrogen control would not increase its ET-1<br>content, while in men, testosterone would increase ET-1 secretion that might<br>affect the neighboring arterioles. Induced vasoconstriction might reduce the hair<br>growth and promote hair loss. If ET-1 plays the described role, then an ET-1<br>antagonist, i.e. bosentane, should also have some hair-growing properties.<br><br>PMID: 10616041&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>50. Endothelin-secreting tumors and the idea of the pseudoectopic hormone secretion in tumors.<br>Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Kovaci\u0107 D, Sulava D, Krajina Z, Dmitrovi\u0107 B, Sokcevi\u0107 M.<br>Med Hypotheses. 1999 Apr;52(4):329-33<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Department of Oncology, Osijek Clinical Hospital, Croatia.<br>sven@systematics.fido.hr<br><br>Ectopic hormone secretion in tumor cells is here described as an amplification of<br>hormone production already present in normal, nonendocrine tumor-originated<br>tissue. This idea is tested on the available data regarding endothelin-1 (ET-1)<br>secreting tumors. The endothelins are ubiquitous regulatory peptides produced by<br>various tissues. The precursor cells of many tumor types secrete endothelins.<br>ET-1 protein expression was detected in situ in all tested prostate cancers as<br>well as in normal prostate tissue. The majority of hepatocellular carcinomas<br>produce ET-1, while ET-1 is secreted by the normal hepatic stellate cells. Human<br>breast cancer cells produce immunoreactive ET-1. Similar data exist for<br>pancreatic tissue, the thyroid and large bowel. We can conclude that tumor cells<br>might sustain endothelin secretions already present in the normal<br>tumor-originated tissue. The model that is presented of the pseudoectopic hormone<br>secretion consists of relations between a few parameters. The proportion of<br>hormone-secreting tumors (Th) among all tumors (T) of that organ depends on the<br>amount of the hormone-secreting cells (Ch) among all cells (C) susceptible to<br>malignant transformation. The corrective factor (k) was introduced in the<br>expression Th\/T=Ch\/C*k, to represent specific conditions altering the malignant<br>transformation probability for a certain normal hormone-secreting cell. In<br>prostate, breast and colon, the kvalue is predicted to be approximately 1,<br>suggesting that ET-1-secreting normal cells are not more prone to the malignant<br>transformation than their neighbours. In liver and pancreas, the incidence of<br>ET-1-secreting tumors outnumbers the proportions of normal ET-1-secreting cells<br>(k values &gt;1). In these organs, normal ET-1-secreting cells seem more likely to<br>turn malignant in comparison to their neighbours, perhaps due to their function,<br>position and exposition to oncogenic factors, or even due to their ET-1<br>secretion. There are similar data for thyroid and adrenal glands. No ET-1<br>secretion was reported in kidney neoplasms. Normal renal ET-1 secreting cells<br>might be less prone to turn malignant than other renal cells. Unlse the normal<br>lung tissue, small cell lung cancers often secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone<br>(ACTH). The pancreatic islet cells do not secrete gastrin, but their tumors often<br>do. Constant k would exceed 1 in both cases. We speculate that these tumors might<br>originate from a small subset of cells with the described feature. Tumor cells<br>sometimes lack features of the normal tissue, as in the cases of the steroid<br>receptor-negative breast cancer. These tumors might originate from the<br>hypothetical subset of receptor-free breast cells. Benign breast epithelial cells<br>lacking oestrogen receptors have been described in cases of megalomastia. These<br>cells might be constituents of normal breasts or, perhaps, present only in cases<br>of increased breast cancer risk.<br><br>PMID: 10465672&nbsp; [PubMed \u2013 indexed for MEDLINE]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prof. Sven Kurbel MD, PhD \u2013 personal web pagesDept. of Physiology, Osijek Medical FacultyJ. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatiae-mail: sven@jware.hr 41. Ultrasound measurement in defining the regional distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue.Radi\u0107 R, Nikoli\u0107 V, Karner I, Kurbel S, Selthofer R.Coll Antropol. 2002 Dec;26 Suppl:59-68. Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University ofOsijek, Osijek, Croatia. The aim of this research is to determine the significance of ultrasounddiagnostics in measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue as well&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-92","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=92"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93,"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92\/revisions\/93"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurbel.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=92"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}